Background & Aim: Lice infestation is a social problem affecting many human societies, and one of the health problems that are common in schools. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of head lice and its related factors among elementary school students of Javanrood city in 2011.
 Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. All of the elementary school girls in Javanrood which resulted in a sample of 865 students studying in different areas of the city were studied. Based on the position (North- South) the samples were divided into categories and in each category 2 schools were selected randomly. The schools, classes and individuals were also selected at random. Data was collected using a full examination and the filling of the checklist for students to be accepted. Data were analyzed using chi-square test.
 Results: Of the students surveyed, 72 (8.3%) were infected with head lice. Infection rate in Pediculosis and mother's education (p=0.006) and father’s education (p=0.001) there was a significant correlation. Also, significant correlation was found between the prevalence of father and job Pediculosis (p=0.006), but no significant correlation was found between the prevalence of maternal job and Pediculosis (p=0.678). Pediculosis infection rate and frequency of bathing had a significant correlation (p=0.022).
 Conclusion: The prevalence among students was relevant to factors such as frequency of bathing, parental education, parental occupation, location, school, lack of attention to personal hygiene and other factors.